Chemical Structures

Learn about protons, neutrons, and electrons — the subatomic particles that make up atoms.

Discover how electrons are arranged in atoms and how this influences chemical behavior.

Explore the fundamental substances of chemistry and how they can exist as isotopes with varying numbers of neutrons.

Explore how atoms combine through ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Use Lewis symbols to represent valence electrons and visualize bonding in molecules.

Understand the layout, history, and logic behind the periodic arrangement of elements.

Explore trends such as electronegativity, ionization energy, atomic radius, and reactivity.

Learn how electronegativity differences cause bonds to be polar or nonpolar.

Study the forces between molecules — like hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions.

Use VSEPR theory to predict the 3D shapes of molecules based on electron pair repulsion.